Abstract:In recent years, federated learning (FL) has emerged as a distributed machine learning paradigm that enables model training while preserving data privacy. It has been widely applied in domains such as smart healthcare, financial services, the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, due to the highly dynamic nature of IoV environments and the heterogeneous computing resources among vehicles, not all clients are suitable for participation in federated training. Therefore, designing an efficient and robust client selection strategy is critical for ensuring model performance and system efficiency. Traditional FL methods often rely on static or heuristic client selection mechanisms, which fail to adapt to the frequently changing states and characteristics of clients in IoV scenarios. To address this issue, this study proposes a dynamic client selection approach based on entropy regularization proximal policy optimization (ERPPO), integrated with a confidence-weighted aggregation mechanism. By incorporating a policy entropy regularization term into the PPO objective function, the proposed method enhances the exploration capability of the client selection policy, thus mitigating the risk of local optima. Furthermore, the confidence-based aggregation strategy adaptively adjusts the aggregation weights based on the variance of local model updates, which enhances the convergence stability and robustness of the global model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ERPPO framework not only reduces communication overhead but also achieves superior overall performance in dynamic environments while maintaining high model precision.